Effect of potassium on uptake and translocation of sodium and potassium in Chinese cabbage under NaCl stress

To investigate the influence of potassium (K⁺) on the salinity tolerance of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.) seedlings, the plants were cultured at three K⁺ levels (0, 5, or 10?mM), under normal (0?mM NaCl) and high-salt (100?mM NaCl) conditions. The results indicated that the dry weight of Chinese cabbage increased with the application of K⁺ under salt stress. Addition of K⁺ increased K⁺ concentrations and suppressed sodium (Na⁺) concentration, which eventually increased the K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in roots or shoots. Application of K⁺ enhanced the uptake of K⁺ and suppressed the uptake of Na⁺. Moreover, the ratios of shoot-K⁺/root-K⁺ increased considerably, but the ratios of shoot-Na⁺/root-Na⁺ decreased in response to K⁺ application. It was concluded that the application of K⁺ could enhance the salt stress tolerance in Chinese cabbage because more K⁺ than Na⁺ was absorbed and translocated from roots to shoots.     

Nitrogen release dynamics of a slow release urea pellet and its effect on growth,yield, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Manure urea pellets were produced and their nitrogen release rate was evaluated in soil incubation at different water contents of 90, 75, and 60% soil filed capacity (FC). In another experiment, sweet basil growth was evaluated during eight months (with three shoot harvests) under the pellet application. The nitrogen release and pellet dispersion rates were slow after two months or at lower soil water content (60% FC), but they were significant after four months of soil incubation, or at higher soil water content (75 or particularly 90% FC). Application of pelleted urea reduced plant growth and yield at first harvest than urea treatment. However, at second and particularly at third harvest (and the average of three harvests) significant improvement in growth parameters of SPAD value, leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh weight, pot yield, and` leaf N and K concentrations were achieved by application of pelleted urea fertilization.     

Acidulated activation of phosphate rock enhances release,lateral transport and uptake of phosphorus and trace metals upon direct-soil application

Phosphate rock (PR) was activated via acidulation with HCl, EDTA, and oxalic acid to enhance its reactivity. The release, lateral transport, and uptake of phosphorus (P) along with trace metals from pristine and activated PRs were investigated in a soil micro-block system over a period of 27 days, using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of available soil P, Fe, Mn, and Zn were released from all the PRs after application to soil within first 9 days of seedling transplantation, while the release of other trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) was minimal (<1.2 mg kg^?1). On cumulative basis, APR-O (oxalic acid activated PR) was the most efficient amendment releasing 164% more available P, followed by APR-E (EDTA activated PR) releasing 130% more available P, compared to the pristine PR. Similar results were also observed in the release of available Fe, Mn, Zn, and other trace metals. The highest diffusive mass fluxes for available P, Mn, Fe, and Zn in soil were observed after 3 days of seedling transplantation, which reduced subsequently. The uptake of P, Fe, Mn, and Zn by wheat plants was increased by 394%, 715%, 92%, and 91%, respectively, in APR-O application compared to the pristine PR, while it was increased by 280%, 188%, 16%, and 27%, respectively, in APR-E application compared to the pristine PR. Subsequently, APR-O and APR-E amendments resulted in enhanced shoot lengths, root lengths, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter contents of wheat plants. Hence, it was concluded that activation of PR with oxalic acid and EDTA prior to direct soil application may enhance the reactivity of PR and could serve as a cost-effect fertilization strategy for higher wheat crop production.     

滨海沙地不同树种人工林生物量及凋落物碳氮养分归还

基于福州市滨海后沿沙地上营造的人工林的调查,以9年生尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)、木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)、纹荚相思(Acacia aulacocarpa)3种主要人工林为对象,采用Monsi分层切割法(乔木层)和样方收获法(草本层、凋落物层)获取这3种人工林的生物量,研究其生物量分配格局及凋落物碳氮养分归还。结果表明,尾巨桉乔木层地上部分生物量为49.950t·hm^-2,地下部分生物量为15.270t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的62.08%和18.98%;草本层生物量为0.698t·hm^-2(0.87%);凋落物层生物量为14.539t·hm^-2(18.07%)。木麻黄乔木层地上部分生物量为51.630t·hm^-2,地下部分为20.270t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的62.65%和24.60%;草本层生物量为0.017t·hm^-2(0.02%);凋落物层生物量为10.488t·hm^-2(12.73%)。纹荚相思乔木层地上部分生物量为51.130t·hm^-2,地下部分为13.760t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的64.43%和17.34%;草本层生物量为0.093t·hm^-2(0.12%);凋落物层生物量为14.369t·hm^-2(18.11%)。3种人工林地上各器官生物量均表现为:树干>树枝>树皮>树叶。这3种人工林生态系统总生物量与乔木层生物量排序相同,表现为木麻黄(82.40t·hm^-2)>尾巨桉(80.46t·hm^-2)>纹荚相思(79.35t·hm^-2),且生物量分配格局均为乔木层>凋落物层>草本层。3种人工林的净生产力表现为木麻黄(16.21t·hm^-2·a^-1)>尾巨桉(14.00t·hm^-2·a^-1)>纹荚相思(12.51t·hm^-2·a^-1)。凋落物碳氮养分年总归还量表现为木麻黄(3.953t·hm^-2·a^-1)>尾巨桉(3.329t·hm^-2·a^-1)>纹荚相思(2.751t·hm^-2·a^-1)。     

不同深度秸秆还田对黄棕壤氮素和微生物生物量碳氮的影响

[目的]研究不同深度秸秆还田对土壤氮素和微生物生物量碳、氮含量变化的影响,为提高还田秸秆利用效率提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间小区试验的方法,共设5个不同处理:对照CK(不添加秸秆),T_0(表面覆盖),T_(10)(10 cm还田),T_(20)(20 cm还田),T_(30)(30 cm还田)处理。[结果]①与对照相比,秸秆还田处理中土壤有机质、全氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了3.98%～29.36%,2.72%～45.52%,10.48%～56.64%,铵态氮降低了7.75%～39.20%;②秸秆还田处理对土壤微生物生物量有显著影响,与对照相比,秸秆还田处理中土壤微生物生物量碳和氮分别增加了5.01%～35.78%和9.69%～52.56%;③运用主成分分析方法评估了秸秆还田各处理土壤质量状况,综合得分次序为:CKT_(30)T_0T_(20)T_(10),在10和20 cm深度秸秆还田对土壤氮素水平和微生物生物量碳和氮含量的提高具有较好的作用,且以10 cm秸秆还田处理效果最为明显。[结论]秸秆还田可以提高土壤氮素水平和微生物生物量碳和氮含量,改良土壤性状,在秸秆还田深度为10和20 cm效果较好,尤其10 cm秸秆还田对土壤中氮素和微生物生物量碳氮的影响最为显著。     

关中地区大蒜临界氮浓度稀释曲线及验证

过量施氮是关中地区大蒜生产的突出问题。构建针对关中地区主栽大蒜品种的临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,进行氮素营养诊断和调控,对大蒜减氮稳产十分必要。基于2 a的大田试验,选用关中地区2个代表性主栽大蒜品种(苍山和改良蒜),设置施氮水平0(N0)、60(N60)、120(N120)、180(N180)、240(N240)、300(N300)kg/hm2(基追比4:4:2),分析不同施氮水平对地上部干物质和植株氮浓度的影响,分别构建了2个品种大蒜的临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型。结果表明:关中大蒜地上部临界氮浓度与最大干物质符合幂函数关系。使用基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型构建的氮营养指数模型对各处理氮素营养状况进行诊断,N240处理的氮营养指数接近于1,且可以获得最大的地上部干物质和相对产量。同时,氮营养指数与相对地上部干物质、相对产量的相关性均达到极显著水平。因此,240 kg/hm2可以作为关中地区大蒜施氮量的重要参考,该研究构建的大蒜临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型和氮营养指数模型对于大蒜的氮素营养诊断和精确施氮具有重要的意义。     

畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

基于粒子群算法优化光谱指数的甜菜叶片氮含量估测研究

为对甜菜叶片氮含量进行快速估测,利用高光谱成像仪获取甜菜冠层叶片高光谱图像数据,通过凯氏定氮法测定叶片氮含量。基于精细采样法在全波段范围内构建归一化光谱指数(Normalized difference spectral index,NDSI)和土壤调节光谱指数(Soil-adjusted spectral index,SASI),并提出了基于粒子群算法的植被冠层调节参数L优化方法,探寻任意波段组合下SASI的最佳L值及其变化规律。在筛选出特征光谱指数基础上,开展甜菜叶片氮含量的定量估测和可视化研究。结果表明,各生育期SASI对甜菜冠层叶片氮含量(Canopy leaf nitrogen content,CLNC)的敏感度高于NDSI,尤其在NDSI易发生饱和现象的近红外区域。相比常规光谱指数,叶丛快速生长期基于SASI1(R430. 20,R896. 76)和SASI2(R433. 03,R896. 01)建立的CLNC估测模型预测效果最优,2015年验证集R~2为0. 78,RMSE为2. 48 g/kg,RE为4. 18%;糖分增长期以SASI3(R952. 09,R946. 11)和SASI4(R760. 37,R803. 48)的建模效果最佳,2015年验证集R~2为0. 67,RMSE为2. 71 g/kg,RE为4. 72%;糖分积累期的最优建模参数为SASI5(R883. 30,R887. 79),2015年模型R~2为0. 72,RMSE为2. 54 g/kg,RE为4. 49%。为直观显示甜菜CLNC在时间和空间尺度上的变化规律,基于上述估测模型计算并生成甜菜CLNC的预测分布图,实现了甜菜CLNC的可视化。研究结果表明,提出的甜菜CLNC估测方法具有可行性,可为及时了解作物长势及营养估测提供技术支持。     

青山湖流域不同地表覆盖降雨径流中氮磷流失过程研究

在浙江省青山湖流域进行了不同地表覆盖类型野外模拟降雨实验,通过设定不同的坡度和降雨强度,综合分析流域内4种地表覆盖对降雨径流中氮磷流失的减少效果,结果表明：在相同雨强情况下,坡地径流中总氮浓度和氨氮浓度由高到低顺序均为：人工草地、次生林、荒草坡、竹林地。其中,总氮浓度曲线在各地表趋势均保持稳定,降雨强度的增大不影响4种覆盖度的顺序结果,但是人工草地与其他3种类型之间的浓度差值会随着雨强的增大而增大。在相同雨强情况下,坡地径流中总磷浓度白高到低顺序依次为：人工草地、次生林、荒草坡、竹林地。径流中速效磷浓度过程趋势与总磷浓度非常类似,而且随着雨强增大,速效磷占总磷比例也相应提高。     

增施氮钾和光照强度对不同品种莴笋光合特性和产量的效应

通过盆栽试验研究了增施氮钾和光照强度对不同品种莴笋光合特性和产量的效应。结果表明,增施氮、钾肥3个品种莴笋的净光合速率（Pn）增加,且随光照的增加而增加;其中以“双尖”的Pn最低,“大白甲”和“挂丝红”的Pn较高。不同施肥处理对“双尖”光合特性影响较小;“挂丝红”光合特性在低光照下以＋K处理正效应较大,中、高光照下以＋N处理正效应较大,这与增施氮钾肥对“大白甲”光合特性的效应相反。3个莴笋品种产量随光照的增加而增加,产量以“挂丝红”＞“大白甲”＞“双尖”。3个光照强度下,＋N、＋K处理提高了不同品种莴笋产量。在高光照下,氮、钾增产效率以“双尖”最大,“大白甲”最小;中光照以“大白甲”最大;低光照以“挂丝红”最小。低光照下,莴笋施钾增产效率＞施氮;而中、高光照下,“大白甲”和“挂丝红”的施氮增产效率＞施钾,而“双尖”则相反。表明低光照下应控制氮肥施用量、适量增加钾肥用量;而在光照强度大的季节或条件下视莴笋（作物）品种特性适量增施氮肥和科学调控氮、钾肥的施用量比,可获得良好的增产效果。莴笋的产量与光合特性密切相关,以Pn、Chla、Ci与产量间相关性较好。